Quantitative investigation of immunoglobulins

Quantitative examination of immunoglobulins Presentation Quantitative examination of Immunoglobulins is the premise of the standard research center method inside the field of clinical immunology. Immunoglobulins can be estimated quantitatively using nephelometry, such estimations are crucial in the occurrence of a speculated immunodeficiency inside a patient. Therefore the test is exact and quickly quantifies the measures of IgM, IgG and IgA proteins inside the blood of the patient and from such decide whether various conditions or disarranges are available. The job of such antibodies is inside battling diseases and hypersensitivities as a component of the typical resistant reaction. An ailment (or confusion) can be recognized through the estimation of such protein levels. IgM for instance can show up during an underlying contamination and afterward return less significantly upon optional introduction. (Weir, 1978) Nephelometry is generally performed by drawing blood from a vein on the rear of the hand or if impractical within an elbow. The needle brings the blood into a water/air proof vial or cylinder joined to it. Expulsion of the needle is trailed by cleansing and covering of the entry point site. (Stanley, 2002) Useful Schedule- Nephelometry is a mechanized framework that estimates antigen or immune response arrangement in constrained fixations by the measure of light dissipate. The standard is that when the light comes into contact with the arrangement it won't be retained yet dissipate away from the primary shaft and estimated at points between 0-90 from a predefined bend. The ensuing sums are proportionate to that of the grouping of particles. Just as weaken arrangements there likewise should be a direct connection between's particles shaped and optical thickness. Consequently a few weakenings estimations are recorded and furthermore during the arrangement of particles. This procedure is known as rate nephelometry. While considering this strategy it is fundamental that the general measure of antigen and neutralizer must be sufficiently little with the goal that precipitation doesn't happen yet additionally huge enough to permit the definition of little invulnerable buildings. Immunoprecipitation results are accomplished using monoclonal antibodies (MCAs) permitting epitopes to respond with the antiserum and MCAs framing safe hastens with their antigens. Results- Ordinary outcomes IgG: 560 to 1800 mg/dL IgM: 45 to 250 mg/dL IgA: 100 to 400 mg/dL Assessment the computerized idea of this strategy implies that it is both quick precise with results accessible inside 1-2 hours. Its wide spread use is for the most part down to this factor however its straightforwardness and low example size and volumes additionally make it an esteemed strategy with the clinical research center setting. (Diamandis et al1996). It is in any case, likewise with most methods not without its disadvantages. The standard precautionary measures ought to be taken as when taking any blood test. Albeit uncommon extreme dying, swooning and contamination should all be considered as hazard factors when taking examples. (Drexel, 14/06/08) The nearness of residue particles and different garbage can be cause for twisted readings and lead to higher qualities than anticipated. This can be tended to through centrifugation of the example (Diamandis et al1996). Notwithstanding this air pockets can cause comparative consequences for results. To guarantee readings are as precise as could reasonably be expected, the explicitness ought to be at ideal level, as set on the nephelometer and controls ought to be completed any place it is utilized. (Palmer, 1992) Although this technique decides the measure of every immunoglobulin it doesn't have the capacity to recognize antibodies. Another technique that can be utilized to quantitatively research Immunoglobulins in serum, salivation, cerebrospinal liquid (CSF), amniotic liquid, and gastrointestinal juice is Radial Immunodiffusion (Chapel et al1999). This method takes into consideration the adding of an example to a well in a gel comprised of the immune response explicit for the substance being tried for. This at that point travels through the gel prompting the development of an obvious hasten around the ideal focus test well. The translation of such outcomes anyway is abstract and results are postponed as the procedure takes a few days and as such nephelometry is suggested for more noteworthy accuracy, computerization, objectivity and speed and is appropriate for huge throughput tests (Keogan et al 2006). It is likewise difficult to quantitatively dissect the outcomes utilizing exceptionally little examples and an alignment bend. (Sanctuary et al., 2006). 2. Quantitative Other Serum Proteins-Radial Immunodiffusion Presentation Outspread Immunodiffusion follows up on the antigen-counter acting agent complex precipitation response. It is utilized inside the field of nervous system science and oncology. This includes inactive dispersion of immunoreactants through an agar network. An electrical flow isn't required for such procedure to happen as is dependent upon the physiochemical connections. Handy Schedule Outspread Immunodiffusion works by means of the blending of antiserum with agar and pouring it on a glass plate to permit it to harden. The antiserum must be explicit for the class of immunoglobulin that is being estimated for the strategy. The agar blend is then punctured and the ensuing gaps filled utilizing the sera from the test tests. Dispersion of the Immunoglobulins radially causes the arrangement of accelerate at the point which the quantity of counter acting agent and antigen are indistinguishable. Likewise with past strategies an alignment bend us utilized that has been made up from known arrangement of answer for decide the measure of Immunoglobulins present inside the example. Assessment Precision and particularity is the most strong danger to legitimately of this procedure. The principal issue is the absence of affectability and is definitely not a quick procedure with results taking more than 48 hours inferable from response times. (House of prayer, 2002) Whilst it gives use in the assurance of serum proteins quantitatively there are a variety of variables that can prompt problematic outcomes. Temperature of the gel and outer condition, sub-atomic size, gel thickness, reactant fixation and cradle pH features a couple of the components that will influence the pace of dispersion yet isn't thorough. (Nakamura et al, 1979) 3. Quantitative other Serum proteins Assortment of serum Gather blood in a glass holder and permit it to cluster at room temperature for 60 minutes. When the coagulation has shaped slacken the dividers of the compartment to help withdrawal. Move to 4 degrees and leave for the time being if essential Gather the communicated serum and axis at 150g for 5 minutes to dregs the erythrocytes, and afterward at 350g for 15 minutes. Move the straw shaded serum to appropriate holders and warmth at 56 degrees for 30 minutes to wreck the warmth labile segments of supplement. (Roughage et al., 2002) Subjective Immunoglobulins Presentation The phases of finding, assurance of resistance and the defenselessness of a person to numerous microbial diseases, depend on immunological tests in serum. At the point when blood clumps the liquid that remaining parts is referred to as serum and as such it is wealthy in Immunoglobulins. Serum anyway isn't effectively available so other example sources can be utilized. The nearness of explicit Immunoglobulins in pee, spit and cerebrospinal liquid imply that such natural liquids, comprehensive of others, for example, semen, can be utilized. Anatomically the most promptly accessible and less nosy be that as it may, similarly as with other organic liquids, contain low groupings of IgM and IgG. Semen is inexhaustible with these Immunoglobulins and as such might be seen similar to the most precise and dependable in any such examinations (PCT, 1987) In Serum-Immunoelectrophresis Presentation Serum Protein Electrophoresis is a subjective examination completed to test for the nearness of monoclonal groups (paraproteins). (Church et al., 2002) During electrophoresis, discrete monoclonal groups may show up (M groups). Further examination is required so as to decide the immunoglobulin overwhelming or potentially light chains through immunofixation. This is significant when attempting to recognize what kind of Immunoglobulins are available. Assurance is accomplished through Immunoprecipitation in a gel with hostile to sera that is explicit for substantial and light chains of the immunoglobulin. Immunoelectrophresis works by isolating sera in agarose gel by electrophoresis. Troughs that are corresponding to the unfixed electrophoretic strips have explicit enemy of sera added to them prompting the plan of precipitin circular segments that are obviously noticeable inferable from the procedure of dispersion. Immunofixation anyway will in general be all the more usually utilized and as such will be progressively engaged upon inside the portfolio. This strategy is ordinarily utilized in the analysis of conditions, for example, osteoporosis. In the strange nonattendance of a substantial chain and an unusual response happening with the insect sera that are explicit for light chains discrete (M) groups are available. It is likewise a feature to the chance of an IgD or IgE paraproteins in spite of the fact that is far less normal. On the off chance that a strange response happens with just the substantial chain hostile to sera it is demonstrative of an uncommon overwhelming chain issue. It is potentially to evaluate singular M groups with the utilization of a densitometer. This demonstrations by estimating the force of the stain taken up by every individual band and as such is the main strategy at present to be useful in the estimation of paraproteins fixation (Chapel et al1999). Viable Schedule taken from Clinical Immunology. (Church et al., 2002) Immunoelectrophoresis-Apply serum tests to an electrophoresis gel at the cathode end nearby a typical serum test as a control. Apply an electric flow for 45 minutes and expel the gel. Utilize a stain to envision the groups. Immunofixation-explicit antisera to IgG, IgA, IgM and kappa and lambda light fastens are then applied to the electrophoresed tests by absorbing portions of cellulose acetic acid derivation the individual antisera and laying them o

Criricism of Wilkie Collins’ Woman in White Essay -- Wilkie Collins Wo

Criricism of Wilkie Collins’ Woman dressed in White â€Å"To Mr. Collins has a place the credit of having brought into fiction those generally strange of secrets, the riddles which are at our own doors.† So said Henry James in an unsigned survey of another author’s work. In any case, his view was absolutely not shared by every one of the individuals who cast their feelings into the quarrel. An unsigned audit in the Saturday Review said of Collins’ work, â€Å"Estimated by the standard of extraordinary books, the Woman dressed in White is no place. Somewhere close to these two focuses are companions and reporters of Mr. Wilkie Collins. Author George Meredith kept in touch with Collins himself saying, â€Å"The pressure of the W[oman] in W[hite] isn't actually wonderful, however cunningly delivered. One wearies of it...† Charles Dickens was held as he would like to think. He saw that, â€Å"There can't be an uncertainty that it is an extraordinary development on the entirety of your previous writing...† and furthermore, â€Å"I appear to have seen, to a great extent, that the incredible torments you take communicate a play excessively, and you realize that I generally challenge your air to give a group of people acknowledgment in vain, which fundamentally includes the compelling of focuses on their attention...† Considering all the material Wilkie Collins was either to be adulated for imagining another style, took a gander at in disdain for his absence of character improvement, or regarded the writer of a work that â€Å"is a mediocre metal inside and out, however great and important of its kind,† as the Saturday Review pundit expressed.  â â â Many pundits whine that Collins’ characters are cartoons, not characters. The mysterious analyst commented that â€Å"They have qualities, however not character,† in breaking down Wilkie’s creation. He proceeds to state, â€Å"They may all be summarized in the same number of sente... ...ring-lugger I am building named ‘Marian Halcombe‘, the valiant Girl in the Story.† Dr. Griffin referenced that naming pontoons after Marian was a well known pattern after the distribution. This was the main notice of the pattern yet FitzGerald’s letters were the main individual records not coordinated to Collins himself.  â â â Wonderful or horrendous, or perhaps simply reasonable, Collins’ tale pulled in a great deal of consideration and a wide range of responses. Concerning this understudy, I am slanted to concur with Mr. FitzGerald and his remarks to W. F. Pollock. â€Å"[Jane Austen] is capital to the extent she goes: yet she never leaves the Parlor; if yet Magnus Troil or Jack Bruce [characters in Sir Walter Scott’s The Pirate], or even one of Fielding’s Brutes, would yet run in upon the Gentility, and swear a round Oath or two! I should think the Woman dressed in White, with her Count Fosco, a long ways past all that.† Criricism of Wilkie Collins’ Woman in White Essay - Wilkie Collins Wo Criricism of Wilkie Collins’ Woman dressed in White â€Å"To Mr. Collins has a place the credit of having brought into fiction those generally strange of riddles, the secrets which are at our own doors.† So said Henry James in an unsigned audit of another author’s work. Be that as it may, his view was positively not shared by every one of the individuals who cast their suppositions into the conflict. An unsigned audit in the Saturday Review said of Collins’ work, â€Å"Estimated by the standard of incredible books, the Woman dressed in White is no place. Somewhere close to these two focuses are companions and journalists of Mr. Wilkie Collins. Writer George Meredith kept in touch with Collins himself saying, â€Å"The pressure of the W[oman] in W[hite] isn't actually charming, however cunningly delivered. One wearies of it...† Charles Dickens was saved as he would like to think. He saw that, â€Å"There can't be an uncertainty that it is an incredible development on the entirety of your previous writing.. .† and furthermore, â€Å"I appear to have seen, to a great extent, that the extraordinary torments you take communicate a play excessively, and you realize that I generally challenge your demeanor to give a crowd of people acknowledgment to no end, which essentially includes the driving of focuses on their attention...† Considering all the material Wilkie Collins was either to be applauded for designing another style, took a gander at in disdain for his absence of character advancement, or regarded the writer of a work that â€Å"is a second rate metal out and out, however great and significant of its kind,† as the Saturday Review pundit expressed.  â â â Many pundits whine that Collins’ characters are exaggerations, not characters. The mysterious analyst commented that â€Å"They have qualities, yet not character,† in investigating Wilkie’s creation. He proceeds to state, â€Å"They may all be summarized in the same number of sente... ...ring-lugger I am building named ‘Marian Halcombe‘, the courageous Girl in the Story.† Dr. Griffin referenced that naming pontoons after Marian was a famous pattern after the distribution. This was the main notice of the pattern however FitzGerald’s letters were the main individual records not coordinated to Collins himself.  â â â Wonderful or dreadful, or conceivably simply reasonable, Collins’ tale pulled in a great deal of consideration and a wide range of responses. Concerning this understudy, I am slanted to concur with Mr. FitzGerald and his remarks to W. F. Pollock. â€Å"[Jane Austen] is capital to the extent she goes: however she never leaves the Parlor; if yet Magnus Troil or Jack Bruce [characters in Sir Walter Scott’s The Pirate], or even one of Fielding’s Brutes, would yet run in upon the Gentility, and swear a round Oath or two! I should think the Woman dressed in White, with her Count Fosco, a long ways past all that.†

I Didnt Get the Decision I Wanted What Can I Do COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

I Didnt Get the Decision I Wanted What Can I Do COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This post was adapted from a previous version. We released decisions for Fall 2018 admissions about two weeks ago, so by now you should have checked your status. I’m sure you went through a mix of emotions when you did read your decision. You may be thinking, What do I do now? What  can  I do? Whatever decision you received, there are some things that our waitlisted candidates, and those who weren’t granted admission, should know going forward. The Waitlist If you were waitlisted, your story with SIPA might not end here. Admissions at SIPA is competitive, but your application showed promise. While seats are limited and went to more competitive candidates, some of you will move to the admitted students list over the next few months. SIPA does not rank the waitlist. Since the waitlist is not ranked, and the entire admissions process is holistic and reactive to the applicants we receive, it will take some time for the waitlist decisions to come out. You should know that we look over the waitlist starting in May and will release final decisions for waitlisted candidates by July 15. If you’re an international student, you’ll still have time to apply for a visa â€" just make sure you don’t procrastinate the process once you’re admitted. Please don’t email to ask if your status has changed. We promise that we have not forgotten about you, we’re just unable to provide periodic updates on your standing. Please only contact us if you have a specific request about your waitlist application, like updating your application or removing it from consideration. Waitlisted applicants can send in updated test scores and transcripts. I want to emphasize that we’ll only review new supplemental materials so you can keep us updated on your academic and professional pursuits. If you’ve retaken the GRE/GMAT or TOEFL/IELTS/PTE, or you’ve taken or completed additional quantitative coursework, you can send that information to  sipa_admission@columbia.edu  by June 1. Make sure you include the documents, your name and application number, and the subject line “Supplemental Waitlist Materials from Your Name” in the email. And because you want us to be happy, please send it all at once, and not piecemeal. You can remove yourself from consideration for admission by emailing us at with your name and application number, and letting us know that you’d like to be removed from consideration. Requesting Feedback Due to the volume of applications we receive, we cannot offer individual feedback. However, we recommend you review What We Look For in applications, and common feedback suggestions for applicants. Can I Appeal an Admissions Decision? No â€" all decisions are final. The Admissions Committee reviews each application thoroughly and with great care; as such, there is not an appeals process. But, you can… Reapply to SIPA If you didn’t get the admission decision you were hoping for, you are welcome to reapply to SIPA.  As a reapplicant, you will go by the same deadlines, fees and requirements as first-time applicants. As a benefit, you may reapply using the personal statement, reference letters, test scores and transcripts from this year’s application. As the essay questions change every year, we encourage you to submit new ones (and possibly new recommendation letters). When next year’s application goes live in mid-August 2018, email us at sipa_admission@columbia.edu with “Reapplicant Request to Use Past Materials for  Your Name” in the subject line and specify which of these materials you want to reuse. View the details on Reapplying to SIPA here. Thank Your Recommenders This seems obvious, but many applicants still forget this step. No matter the outcome, you should thank your recommenders one more time for your help. They invested time and effort into your future, and I’m sure they’re curious on how things turned out. Even if you weren’t admitted, this can lead to an opportunity for advice from someone with a different perspective, or suggestions on strengthening your application for next year. Saying Goodbye On behalf of the entire Admissions Committee, I want to thank you for your effort. We all got to know you through your application materials and it was an  honor to read about your achievements and ambitions for the future. If you ultimately decide to decline your admissions offer, remove yourself from the waitlist, or  won’t  reapply next year, please  know that  we hope you’ll continue to develop your academic and professional experience for whatever your future might hold. I sincerely wish you all the best of luck in your future endeavors.

The Developmental Theories By Erik Erikson And Jean Piaget

Knowing about our early years helps us to understand children and also widen and deepen our knowledge about ourselves (Robinson, 2008) When talking about psychological development in children and how various forms of abuse affect them, we must first discuss the two major developmental theories by Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget. The nature of development itself is dynamic, changing, exciting and challenging. â€Å"Before we can think about the world and our experiences we must first get to know it. We need to be able to have certain basic concepts in place, have ways of communicating effectively and understand differences between all types of life experiences we encounter† (Robinson, 2008, 13). Erikson believed that external factors such as parents and society play a major role in development from childhood to adulthood. Out of the eight stages Erikson proposed, the first four stages of development depend on what is done to a person while stages five through eight depend primari ly upon what a person does. The first stage (basic trust vs mistrust) occurs in infancy where the mother and fathers care taking skills may have a lasting impact on their child. If not properly cared for, the child may develop a feeling of insecurity and worthlessness. The second stage (autonomy vs shame) occurs during early childhood and it’s when the child is just beginning to develop a self-esteem and autonomy as they begin to learn new skills and know right from wrong. If a child is well caredShow MoreRelatedThe Developmental Theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson1976 Words   |  8 PagesThe developmental theories of Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, and Erik Erikson are all respected theorists in the study of psychology. All three have theories that help to explain why and how children develop into adolescents and adult hood. Although all three provide their own theories on this subject each theory shares similarities and differences with one another. Having a better understanding of each theory and the theorist will lend a better understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Jean Piaget once asked, â€Å"Are we forming children who are only capable of learning what is already known?† With there being so many theoriest whose research and ideas have made an impact on early childhood education. Knowing the teoriests and the ideas that they had is vital in the education profession. Erik Erikson Hope is both the earliest and the most indispensable virtue inherent in the state of being alive. If life is to be sustained hope must remain, even where confidenceRead MoreErik Erikson And Jean Piaget s Theories Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson and Jean Piaget are quite similar in their theories. Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory is only slightly different than Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Both theorists use the idea of developmental stages. Although the stages vary in what they entail, the carry the same idea of progressive development. Jean Piaget was born September 16, 1980, in Switzerland. His research found â€Å"that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures superseding oneRead MoreJean Piagets Four Stages Of Cognitive Development1326 Words   |  6 PagesTheory Overview Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development proposes that the developmental process of a child is the result of their brains maturity, their nervous system, and environmental factors. He believes the foundation of a childs ability to learn is through discovery learning (Gordon Browne, 2016). Piaget suggests that a child’s logic of thinking is different from that of an adults. Children’s cognitive performance is directly related to the stage of development that they are in currentlyRead MoreCognitive Control And Social Control Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesWorld Health Organization (2006), this developmental period occurs roughly between the ages of 10 and 19 years old. For my subject, I observed adolescent seventeen-year-old, Caucasian male, Dalton. Our interviews were conducted at a local Starbucks, always under the permission of his fifty-one-year-old father, Thomas. I observed Dalton through a social and physical lens and related the theories of Erik Eriks on, Lev Vygotsky, Lawrence Kohlberg, and Jean Piaget to better understand his standpoint inRead MoreCognitive Development And Erik Erikson s 8 Stages Of Psychosocial Development1788 Words   |  8 Pages Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development and Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of Psychosocial Development Developmental is understood as the act or process of developing; progress such as child developmental. When children go through the process of developing, they all develop the same regardless of what state or country there from. The way children develop has been studied by two psychologists’ name Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson and they both develop a theory of how children developRead MoreThe Theory Of Child Development803 Words   |  4 Pageshuman developmental psychologist that Child development is relevant in relation to how individuals relate in the environment as well as the factors that influence human development. These psychologists developed the human developmental life span which is predominant in the society today, although remains unsubstantiated because of the dynamics of individuals and the environment. The theories that will be discussed mainly in this essay are;Cognitive theory-Jean Piaget, Social Learning Theory-AlbertRead MoreJean Piaget And Erik Erikson Ess ay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesdealing with children in a school setting. Both Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson were great Theorists, that works help us understand children’s thought processes and skill sets. Teachers are interacting with their students based on developmental and skill age-appropriateness, while incorporating foundations of theorist teachings. A child-theorist’s research can provide an understanding of how and why children behave, as well as how they process information. Erik Erickson’s 8 Stages of Development providedRead MoreFreud, Erikson, And Piaget : Theories Of Developmental Psychology Essay2372 Words   |  10 PagesFreud, Erikson, and Piaget: Theories in Developmental Psychology Many factors influence children’s development as well as that massive amount of development theories that elaborate on why children do certain things, why children have developmental disorders, or even why some children have developmental delays. Although there are many theories regarding children development and how they are influences, theorist make some great points in the child development but with any theory come flaws such asRead MoreTheories Of Sigmund Freud And Jean Piaget1420 Words   |  6 PagesDevelopmental Theories Through Our Own Eyes Worldwide there are no two individuals who are identical in behavior or developmental traits. For many reasons, people differ physically, mentally, and emotionally. Through time, behavior has been studied developing into various theories by breaking down personality in hopes to better understand an individual’s way of conducting. To further understand how development works we will be exploring and comparing the psychological theories of three well-known

Jack Harkness, A Time Traveler - 847 Words

Perhaps you have heard of Jack Harkness, a time traveler, a friend of Doctor Who and the main character of BBC’s Torchwood series. A favorite character of the audiences when first introduced, Jack’s character was outwardly light hearted and funny, but underneath lay his anger and ruthlessness. Eventually, the series came to a head when Jack had to pick: kill his grandson, or, kill 10% of the earth’s children. BBC’s plot alludes to principles found in Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince. Published in 1513, The Prince intensely holds that achieving a goal is paramount, and therefore validates the methods used, regardless of their morality. We in 2015 would commonly recognize this idea as â€Å"the ends justify the means†. This idea has raised questions and scenarios that continually push the bound of morality. Should you be a government whistleblower? Is it acceptable to sacrifice your grandchild or any child to save the world? We never have the s ame answer to these questions. Certain are yes and others are no, but never all yes or all no, because the ends do justify the means when the goal’s positive benefits to society outweigh the moral negative of the actions taken. We will examine the different points in two main points, justified and unjustified action. Justified action occurs when the benefits of the goal significantly outweighs the moral costs of achievement. Additionally, the benefit must positively affect multiple people. Unlike Machiavelli stance, where personal power is

Poverty, What Makes People Poor Free Essays

The rich, the middle class, and the poor; are described by the way we live and the amount of money one has. There are many different ways of describing what poverty is, whether it is by how you live, how much money you have, or in statistical terms. Poverty isnt always a bad thing it is just another way of living, another way of life. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty, What Makes People Poor or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are different kinds of poverty that you can measure. There is relative poverty that can be measured to the rest of the population. Relative poverty is measuring less than fifty percent than the average income or wealth that a person has. That means that if you make less than half of what the average person makes you are poor. Relative poverty still means that you are able to survive, but not to the standard that most are at. There is also absolute poverty. This means that you are unable to provide the necessary things that you need to survive in your daily life. Things like food shelter and medical attention. This is the measure that has set The Poverty Line developed by the Social Security Administration. The current poverty line is measured at $16,588 for a family of four. The poverty line is measured by the emergency food budget times three. This means that the food that a family needs to survive multiply by three. You must think that the family must pay for their bills, mortgage, and their food with this money. Seventy percent of a families income goes to house them. According to the United States Census Service there are 34.5 million Americans that are poor. This consists of 12.7 percent of the United States population. This is an under estimate of the real poverty rate because the poverty line is very conservative. About eleven million people are just above the poverty line. United States has the highest poverty rate of the worlds industrialize countries. Some people have it worse than other people. For instance women make up two-thirds of the adult poor population. This could be the cause of many things like divorce, and poor job opportunities. Even though the men and the women get divorced the men income still tend to rise. The single parent household that is headed, by a women tend to have a high poverty rate. Twenty nine and nine tenth percent of single parent families are headed by females. African American females are three time to be poor. Black female head 40.8 percent of black households. Women earnings are seventy cents to the dollar to a male worker. Children are also affected by the single parent families and are the cause of high poverty rate. Children make up 26 percent of the United States population. But they make up forty percent of the poor population. This means that 18.9 percent of all children are poor. Fifty five percent of these children are under six years old. The infantalization of poverty is the fastest growing group in poverty. This can be caused by divorce, wedlock, or a death of a parent. Children out of wedlock are more likely to be poor than any other children. There are many myths about poverty that may lead some people on. One myth is that many people think that the poor do not want to work. In reality, 41 percent of the poor worked and 13 percent of the poor work full time. Even though some people can work forty hours a week they still cant make the poverty line. The minimum wage does not keep up with the inflation of the dollar. Only about 3.5 percent of the poor population, can work, but dont. The two earner families are also the fastest growing group in poverty. Another myth is that most people on welfare are cheating the system. This however is not the case, only about five percent actually cheat the system. This is no more than another government program. The United States is not as generous on the welfare system as it is. The fact is that the United States are very stingy about their welfare system compared to other industrialize nations. Another myth is that people live off the welfare system and doesnt want to get off of it. Most people go off of the welfare within the first two years. They dont want to be on welfare, circumstances put them on it. Like lost job, death of spouse, illness, disability, or a child at home. Some people blame the poverty on the person that is poor. Things they may say would be like, they are too lazy to work or they are taking advantage of the system. These people believe in the person blame approach. The person blame approach focuses on social problems stem from pathological defects in an individual. This approach requires a person to be repaired psychologically in order to fix the social problem. The problem with this is that there is no blame on the persons environment and the social system of society. It is very hard to isolate what has happen in a persons life that caused the problem. It is even harder to fix a persons problem. This would require too many more doctors, institutions, and medical facilities To blame the social system is to take the system blame approach. This means that you are blaming the social problems on a government, a society, and anything else that might act on an individual. System blame stems from situations in which individuals are involved. The problem with system blame is that it leaves off all the blame from the individual, saying that they have no agency, or the ability to act on ones own, no free will. The question that no one ever thinks to ask is: If we had no poverty would we still have the same kind of life. The answer is no. Poverty is a necessary form of the economic and social structure. Without poverty our society would most likely break down and inflation would sky rocket. Think if everybody had a job, money and a good standard of living. Wouldnt that make it harder to find and provide jobs. Employers would have to pay outrageous sums of money so the corporation can hire the employee. This would be a disaster because no one would need to stay at their job if there is no competition for it. The will and hard work of the citizens of this country has work to hard to throw it all away. Poverty effects not only the people who have it, but those who dont want it. In conclusion a poor person is not a diseases, not something that is contagious, but a living thing that everybody should think about. Most poor people are not a bad person, but a person that may have ran into some tough times in their life. How to cite Poverty, What Makes People Poor, Essay examples

Eastern Philosophical Rituals Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Eastern Philosophical Rituals Answer: The philosophical knowledge of the humans has always contained, in itself, some sort of religious connection and have tried to give the meaning of life and interpret the actions of humans that have logical reasons and explanations. Modern science often tries to look at philosophy as a metaphysical counterpart of psychology. The ancient philosophical schools have formed the foregrounds for every contemporary debates and the Eastern philosophical views have had significant and lasting impacts for thousands of years (Jung). Philosophical teachings that had steam from India, China and Japan are some of the most important ones to be ever recorded in history and have many different interpretations of them by a huge number of philosophers. The rituals of the different religions of these regions are also credited with philosophical contents and are sources of many scholarly discussions over the millennia. In this paper, three different ritual practices from the Asian continent is taken as ex amples and are looked at from three different perspectives using three different philosophical approaches that are aimed to understand the rituals from alternate viewpoints (Pearson and Schunke) The selected rituals The Indian ritual that is going to looked into in the paper is the Yajna. The Chinese ritual that has been selected to be viewed in this paper is the burial rituals of a person and the different ways that the family of the deceased are supposed to take when performing the ritual. The Japanese ritual that has been identified as the topic to be discussed is the ancient lantern festival or Obon. These three rituals are used as the basic foregrounds for facilitating the different philosophical approaches to understand the sanctity and logical reasons for the rituals (Zemmour and Ballet). The three selected Asian countries have some of the oldest religions in the world and their religious ritual practices are among the oldest surviving practices that have been modified though the ages and different other cultural and religious influences have changed the original practices, however, the rituals themselves have not varied widely even so. Brief description of the three aproaches To delve into these three ritual practices, three modes of approaches will be used that are supposed to offer insight about the rituals and interpret them through different lenses using alternate perspectives. A religionist approach is evident about its purpose: it uses religion as the mode of analyses and tries to understand the practices from a very simplistic religious aspect and try to match the practice with the religion so that the practice can be validated through religion (Belzen). However, a religionist approach to any ancient rituals may come off as misled or hold a basic fallacy, as the ancient religions were not always the same as the modern day religions and the advent of the new religions have all significantly changed the requirements and methods of the rituals that have existed even long before the established religions of the modern age. Reductionism is mostly the practice of taking one particular phenomenon and then trying to explain the same using another set of ph enomena. A reductionist believes that any theory or set of events can be reduced to some other theory or set of events. For my own personal approach, I shall be taking on not a very philosophical approach, but shall rather use a method that is more reliant on logic and rationality to understand the rituals and give details about what are the reasons for them to be followed or observed (Jung). A religionist approach to the Indian ritual of Yajna The religionists maintain that all religions can be described as sui generis, a Latin proverb that literally translates to in a class by itself. According to their belief, the reason for religion to be born was to facilitate the human connection with something, or someone, which is not seen by the naked eye and the humans have to enhance their senses and the inner eye to feel the entity (Smith). In most often cases, these entities are said to be existing in other dimensions that are not felt by the humans on regular basis. This very connection is often viewed as something sacred or may be recognized as the existence of the cosmic forces that directly interact with the humans throughout their course of life and death. To apply this approach to the Indian ritual of Yajna does, somewhat, make sense, as the whole purpose of Yajna (or Yagna) or Home is to purify the soul and drive away the evil forces from the surroundings of a person so that the connection with the higher entities can be established more strongly. The religionist connections are usually advocates of realization of the universal laws that are related to the ways through which the connections between the human beings and the cosmos are established. Scientific researches mostly ignore and often overlook these connections as a religious sense of inquiry is conserved within the human-cosmic interactions. Rituals come in this exact area where the religionists claim that the practices to establish these connections are sacred and have to be done with much care and belief. Religionists emphasize on the sanctity aspect of religion as they believe that being sacred is something that is irreducible and this is the fundamental of any religion (Peters). Religious rituals can be viewed as research methods that are supposed to uncover the true meaning of something that is sacred. The word Yajna translate, literally. To devotion, sacrifice, worship and offering. The ritual is done with fire and mantras and a pit o f sacred fire is used as the medium to make these offerings. The performing of yajna has been described in the ancient Vedic texts, in the Yajurveda and Brahmanas. A yajna holds a high, and often supreme, position in the Hindu culture and religion. Though it has been modified by other religious and regional cultural differences, the basic premise of it has remained the same as well as the ideologies behind it. Hinduism believes that fire is the supremely sacred entity and something which purifies everything (Lucas). The powers of fire and its spiritual powers can be essentially religionist in its views and no ritual or offering can be complete without fire. Hinduism has always had a close affinity with destruction, Shiva being one of the three major Gods, and the embodiment of wrath and destruction. Hinduism is a staunch believer in the circle of life and rebirth. Hence destruction is seen as merely a gateway through which something new is born again. Fire almost acts a catalyst tha t induces this destruction process; or as a cleansing agent that burns away the impurities from everything that is earthly and makes sure they are only in their purest forms so that they can be offered to the Gods without the fear of giving them anything with flaws or impurity. There are over four hundred forms of yajnas described in the Vedas, with twenty-one of them being deemed as compulsory and which must be done by any true Hindu, if a path of righteousness is to be followed (Lucas). From a religionists aspect, yajna would seem to be an absolutely valid way of making the connection with the cosmos as fire is inherently been viewed as something utterly pure. From the dawn of civilization, fire has been a major source of human development and evolution (Segal). A reductionist approach to the Chinese funeral rituals While religionists talk about the ultimate sacred aspect of religion and its inclusion in any ritual, the reductionists reject the notion and voice their opinion denying the fact that religion is in fact sui generis. They say that religion has no unique or distinct features that would be making it fall in a class of its own (McCauley). They feel that nothing can be inherently religious and argue that religion is something that was created by the humans to aid them in their daily lives and also to make sure some group of the society could be subdued by another who claimed the rights of performing of the religious rituals (Smith). Reductionists believe that religion can efficiently be described by analyzing the social, political, economic and psychological aspects of the human society and no single aspect can effectively explain the whole story. A great deal of the religious data is examined to conduct any form of reductionist research that are available from the society within which t he religion operates. The Chinese funeral rituals are ancient and in most cases predate the modern day religions that are popular and widespread in the country (Demmrich, Wolfradt, and Domsgen). Upon the death of a family member, the deceased person is made to sit in a sitting position to help the soul in the process of leaving the body. The friends and family members of the dead person shave their heads, clip their nails and wash their bodies after the funeral rites have been executed. The people who are still breathing then commence a ritual that aims to call the soul of the dead person back so that they can sure of the soul being released. This ancient ritual may seem like trying to create a connection with the dead by approaching the soul to come back, but a reductionist method can help to understand that this only a way of life where people leave behind something that is gone and is now no longer among us, so that they can move ahead without any backward pull. The person who is dead is released and the people around him all cleanse themselves marking a new beginning and a new initiative to go on with life. This does seem an accurate way of looking into the ritual, because even in the modern society people are always trying to get a fresh start after some tragedy has befallen them. Religion is something that was established to facilitate the humans with their own lives and this ritual is one the best examples as to why religion is more like an earthly way of doing things rather than trying to get closer to the divine. Personal philosophical approach to the Japanese Obon Japan has mostly two religions: Shinto and Buddhism. Shinto is as old as the country and the culture itself, while the later was imported from the Orient mainland during the 6th century. Even though religion is not a big part of the daily lives of the Japanese people, some ancient rituals have become synonymous with the Japanese culture and are celebrated throughout the year with various festivals that still have some pagan traits in them (Smith). As a personal view on religion, a stereoscopic approach h can be beneficial as it leaves a lot of room for different interpretations and methods that can be adopted to explain the mechanics of religion. Seeing things through a binocular helps not only seeing things far off with more detail, but also helps to preserve the three dimensional stereoscopic view that people normally have. The ancient lantern festival of Japan is a ritual and a festival that makes the people have a chance at connecting with their ancestors who have passed away (Sm ith). It is believed that the departed souls come back to the mortal world during Obon and can find their heirs if the living people signal them with lights. This is a beautiful and often enchanting idea that tries to help people feel like they are surrounded by their ancestors, even if that is for a momentary period. Seeing this from a distant viewpoint, the ritual may be deciphered as something that is set to give humans a moral support and assure them that they are being watched over by their families, even the ones who are not living amongst them anymore. This may well be a planned placebo that would give humans the moral high to keep going even in times of troubles to make them believe that they cannot be harmed by evil forces as they are being protected by their own families who may not be seen but are certainly there, hovering around them (Spencer). The different views and approaches to religion and religious rituals can be highly varying in nature and may help a person to have different interpretations on the same. Religion is a debated area that needs a lot of explanations to firmly establish its grounds and make sure that it is accepted by everyone. However, a number of philosophical methods themselves often deny its validity and discard it as a creation of humans and not any sort of process to reach out to the cosmic entities. References Belzen, Jacob A. "Religion and Religiosity as Cultural Phenomena: From Ontological Reductionism to Acknowledgment of Plurality."Psychology as the Science of Human Being. 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